security

Sandwich Attack refers to a malicious trading pattern where an attacker places orders before and after a victim's transaction to profit from price movement on a Decentralized Finance (DeFi) exchange.

Smart Contract Audit refers to a systematic, third‑party review of blockchain code that identifies vulnerabilities, verifies logic, and ensures the security of decentralized applications.

Flash Loan Attack refers to a rapid, uncollateralized borrowing technique used by attackers to manipulate markets and extract value from DeFi protocols within a single transaction.

Phishing Attack refers to a deceptive technique where attackers masquerade as trustworthy entities to trick crypto users into revealing private keys, credentials, or sending funds to fraudulent wallets.

Double Spending refers to the act of spending the same digital token more than once, a core security challenge that blockchain consensus mechanisms are designed to eliminate.

51% Attack refers to a situation where a single entity controls over half of a blockchain’s hash rate, enabling them to manipulate transaction ordering, double‑spend, and potentially destabilize the network.